In honor of the 50th Anniversary of the epic voyage of Apollo 11 to the Moon 50 years ago this summer, we combed the NASA archives to compile this slideshow of extraordinary images from the trip. Many of the photos have rarely been seen.
Click on the photo below to start the slideshow.
Imagine it is April 30, 1789, a sunny spring day, and you are a European who has traveled to New York to see the inauguration of George Washington as the first president of the United States. Standing in the crowd in front of Federal Hall on Wall Street, you are watching the beginning of an experiment in governance unlike any in the history of the world. Four million people, spread out over thirteen colonies stretching from New England to Georgia, have separated themselves from the world’s greatest power and then invented a new nation from scratch. That all by itself makes the United States unique and also makes it impossible to predict what might happen next.
Alnwick Castle, which holds one of the world's most important collections of maps of the American Revolution, was used as a film set for the early Harry Potter movies.
The second largest inhabited castle in England next to Windsor Castle, it overlooks the River Aln in Northumberland, England, about 30 miles south of the border with Scotland. From the time of the Norman Conquest, there has been a castle on the site to hinder Scottish invasions.
Since the 13th Century, Alnwick has been the home of the Percy family and later the Dukes of Northumberland.
In addition to the Harry Potter films, the castle has appeared in such films and shows as Ridley Scott’s Robin Hood, Elizabeth (starring Cate Blanchett), the British sitcom Blackadder, and the Downtown Abbey TV series, among many others.
,
Lt. Gen. Hugh Percy, the 2nd Duke of Northumberland (1742–1817) was an officer in the British army and later a British peer. He fought at the battles of Lexington, Concord, Long Island, and Fort Washington during the Revolution, and is widely credited with saving the British forces who were ambushed at Concord by rushing reinforcements to the battle.
Percy joined the British Army as a teenager and fought with distinction in numerous conflicts. A Whig who sympathized with the Colonists to a degree, resigned his command in 1777 due to disagreements with his superior, General William Howe. Percy returned to England with his priceless of maps of the battles in which he had fought. They still remain in the family.
,
The 11th Duke of Northumberland invited a team from American Heritage to photograph and help catalogue his priceless collection of maps. In 1969 some of the most important maps were published in American Heritage for the first time.
Return to “Rediscovering Hand-Drawn Maps from the Revolution and the English Duke Who Collected Them,” by Edwin S. Grosvenor, American Heritage, Summer 2019
Return to “The Treasure of Alnwick Castle,” by Elizabeth and William Cumming, American Heritage, August 1969
,
James Smithson (left), whose bequest founded the Smithsonian Institution, was the illegitimate son of Langdale Smithson of Langdale, Yorkshire — and the half-brother of Hugh Percy (right), the first Duke of Northumberland.
Percy (1714–1786) was an English peer, landowner, and art patron. He was actually born Hugh Smithson, a legitimate son of Langdale Smithson. After Hugh married Lady Elizabeth Seymour, the Baroness Percy, he changed his name to Percy.
The Percy family has lived in Alnwich Castle for centuries.
Return to “Rediscovering Hand-Drawn Maps from the Revolution and the English Duke Who Collected Them,” by Edwin S. Grosvenor, American Heritage, Summer 2019
,
The Italian artist Canaletto painted Alnwick Castle in the 18th-century.
In 1838 the U.S. accepted a posthumous bequest of $508,318 from James Smithson, the illegitimate cousin of the Duke of Northumberland. Perhaps it was not a coincidence that the original Smithsonian Castle (inset upper left) bore a distant resemblance to Alnwick Castle.
Return to “Rediscovering Hand-Drawn Maps from the Revolution and the English Duke Who Collected Them,” by Edwin S. Grosvenor, American Heritage, Summer 2019
Return to “The Treasure of Alnwick Castle,” by Elizabeth and William Cumming, American Heritage, August 1969
,
Two of Alnwick’s greatest treasures are the unsigned manuscript “A Plan of the Town and Harbor of Boston” above and the rough pencil sketch (next slide), which covers the shaded area in the Plan. Drawn not long after the events, they are the earliest known British maps of the retreat from Concord on April 19, 1775.
,
This pencil sketch done right after the fighting shows the Menotomy—Cambridge road as a straight line across the bottom. At a tavern at the edge of Cambridge, Percy, sensing an ambush ahead, wheeled left into Kent’s Lane toward Charlestown.
Return to “Rediscovering Hand-Drawn Maps from the Revolution and the English Duke Who Collected Them,” by Edwin S. Grosvenor, American Heritage, Summer 2019
Return to “The Treasure of Alnwick Castle,” by Elizabeth and William Cumming, American Heritage, August 1969
,
The “Plan of the Peninsula” above, drawn by Captain Edward Barron of the King’s Own Regiment, shows the Charlestown peninsula after the British had won the so-called Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775; actually the Point of attack was a small American redoubt on Breed’s Hill (right of center). Lord Percy was elsewhere that day. By the time this map was drawn the British had built a much bigger fort on higher Bunker Hill (left) and fortified Charlestown Neck behind it leading to the mainland.
Return to “Rediscovering Hand-Drawn Maps from the Revolution and the English Duke Who Collected Them,” by Edwin S. Grosvenor, American Heritage, Summer 2019
,After Departing from the American Siege of Boston, Gen. Howe Regrouped at Halifax
In May, 1776, General Howe, undisturbed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, exercised his troops “in line,” as depicted above by Edward Barron. Howe had been forced to evacuate Boston on March 17; at Halifax he prepared, with reinforcements, for the coming battle for New York. Percy’s name appears with his command. The map of Newport below was made by Lieutenant Thomas Fage, Royal Artillery, in January, 1779, and sent to Percy in England, where he had retired after helping capture Newport following his victory at Fort Washington.
Return to “Rediscovering Hand-Drawn Maps from the Revolution and the English Duke Who Collected Them,” by Edwin S. Grosvenor, American Heritage, Summer 2019
,
The American Heritage researchers were stunned when the Duke said, “There, that’s the 1751 map of Virginia.” Expert historians of cartography, they instantly realized it was one of only three copies in existence of the famous map of Viriginia surveyed and drawn by Roger Fry and Peter Jefferson, the father of Thomas Jefferson. The Library of Congress has a later edition of "A map of the most inhabited part of Virginia containing the whole province of Maryland with part of Pensilvania, New Jersey and North Carolina" (above).
,
Sir Hugh Algernon Percy, K.G., tenth Duke of Northumberland and Baron of Alnwick, was photographed before one of the oldest sections of his sprawling castle. Photo by Anthony Howarth for American Heritage.
Return to “Rediscovering Hand-Drawn Maps from the Revolution and the English Duke Who Collected Them,” by Edwin S. Grosvenor, American Heritage, Summer 2019
Return to “The Treasure of Alnwick Castle,” by Elizabeth and William Cumming, American Heritage, August 1969
,
When Madam Hooch gave Harry Potter and his classmates lessons in riding a broomsticks at Hogwarts, they were actually in the courtyard of Alnwick Castle.
Return to “Rediscovering Hand-Drawn Maps from the Revolution and the English Duke Who Collected Them,” by Edwin S. Grosvenor, American Heritage, Summer 2019
Return to “The Treasure of Alnwick Castle,” by Elizabeth and William Cumming, American Heritage, August 1969
My mother is 101 years old and in relatively good health, but has largely lost her memory. She doesn't recognize friends and family, nor understand where she is or what she's doing.
When I visit and re-introduce myself to my mother, I can't help but think of her memory loss in a broader context: our nation, like my mother in her individual case, is facing what David McCullough calls "collective amnesia." We are losing touch with the people and events who made us who we are. Like a person losing their memory, we're forgetting who our friends and adversaries are, and overlooking the lessons of past mistakes and successes.
A lot of attention has been paid to the recent surveys that show a marked decline in knowledge of American history and government. According to a recent Newsweek survey, 40% of Americans couldn’t correctly identify what countries we fought in World War II. And that was in a multiple-choice test.
Alnwick (pronounced "Ań-nick) is best known as the castle where the Harry Potter movies were filmed, where Hogwarts students learned to fly broomsticks and play Quidditch among its high castellated towers.
In the Spanish Civil War, Americans in the Abraham Lincoln Battalion fought for their principles
Editor's Note: Last year I spoke at some length with Tony Horwitz about adapting an essay from his latest book, Spying on the South, for American Heritage. Tragically, shortly afterward, Tony passed away unexpectedly before we could work together.
Excerpted from the George Washington Book Prize finalist Young Washington: How Wilderness and War Forged America's Founding Father, by Peter Stark (Ecco)
The tired, sodden travelers rode into the old Indian town of Venango at the mouth of Rivière Le Boeuf.
Twenty-one-year-old George Washington had never traveled this deep into the wilds. He had now ridden nearly five hundred miles from the elegant plantations of coastal Virginia, over the crest of the Appalachians, far into the Ohio Valley wilderness, a great forest in America's interior approximately the size of Spain. Smoke plumed from bark-covered longhouses and hung low in the damp, rainy air.
Excerpted from the George Washington Book Prize finalist Revolution Song: A Story of American Freedom, by Russell Shorto.
He was a wise man, a family man, with a kind face and soulful eyes, and he was about to kill. The people he was going to kill called themselves Americans. That word had nothing to do with him, though it would be foisted onto his identity and that of his people. He was a Seneca, a leader of the Haudenosaunee, the confederacy that the whites called the Iroquois. His name was Kayethwahkeh. Its meaning in the Seneca language had within it the idea of planting. That, coupled with the fact that corn was the most visible crop around Seneca villages, led Americans to call him Cornplanter.
Excerpted from the George Washington Book Prize finalist In the Hurricane's Eye: The Genius of George Washington and the Victory at Yorktown by Nathaniel Philbrick, published by Viking Penguin, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House, LLC. Copyright © 2018 by Nathaniel Philbrick, published in Penguin Books 2019.